RESEARCH OF BIOPHARMACEUTICAL CLUSTERS DEVELOPMENT IN EU COUNTRIES

R. Sahaidak-Nikitiuk Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Management and Economics of Enterprise, National University of Pharmacy ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9337-7741 S. Barnatovych PhD of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Drug Technology, Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, PP «Lugansk State Medical University» ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0752-3544 N. Demchenko PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, National University of Pharmacy ORCID ID: 000-0001-5915-0087

total market clustering of biopharmaceutical clusters is studied. The specialization of biopharmaceutical clusters Munich, Berlin, Graz, Utrecht, Lelystad, Frankfurt, Mailand, Ghent, Vienna Biocenter, Berkshire, Oresund, Bio-valley has been studied. The definition of "biopharmaceutical cluster" and the purpose of its creation are proposed. The main distinctive features of the cluster approach in pharmacy and biotechnology are formed, the main of which is the possibility of developing innovative drugs with their subsequent production. The advantages of clustering are investigated. That is, the unification of subjects of production, distribution and sale of medicines, science and education, based on the mechanisms of public-private partnership. The goals of creating a biopharmaceutical cluster are determined. The interaction of the participants of the biopharmaceutical cluster in economic, organizational, managerial, social, legal, technical-technological, innovative, informational and ecological directions is determined. The effects of the functioning of the biopharmaceutical cluster for end users, cluster members and the regional economy are formed.
У статті проведено аналіз сучасного стану розвитку кластеризації в країна Європи. Визначено, що кластери відповідають сучасному підходу в економіці та є одним з варіантів розвитку високотехнологічних виробництв. Досліджено галузеве спрямування кластеризації країн ЄС, а саме, а саме електронні технології і зв ' Problem statement. The modern development of enterprises is associated with their entry into international markets, increasing the level of competitiveness and strengthening cooperation through the use of better means of communication, increasing mobility of capital and labor, and, most importantly, the development of multifunctional innovations. Today, the development and strengthening of cooperation between companies, according to the experience of developed countries, is one of the most effective areas in both the professional sphere and in the scientific environment. As a result, clustering has become widespread in almost every country in the world.
Analysis of recent research and publications. The works of many foreign and domestic scientists are devoted to the problems of studying the principles of clustering. Including: Cortright J. [1], Ketels Ch.
, Scotch A. [8] etc. However, despite the significant achievements of these authors, some issues remain insufficiently addressed and require detailed research.
The aim of the article is to study the current state of clustering in the EU. Results. Experts from the European Commission believe that clusters correspond to the modern approach of "open innovation". Innovations are created not in separate isolated organizations, but in a dynamic environment in which specialized organizations and highly skilled workers interact and complement each other by increasing the accumulation of existing knowledge and generating new ideas and products [9, p. 21].
The EU countries that are leading in the development of clustering in the field of medicine include Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Sweden (Table 1) [10]. , the first place in terms of investment in research and development in the world is pharmaceuticals and biotechnology (18.9% of global investment in research and development), which are an example of high-tech clusters and actively developing in Europe. These industries generate significant innovations and related to various sectors of the national economy (Table 2). For example, München, Berlin and Graz biopharmaceutical clusters specialize in the production of anticancer drugs, DNA / protein chips, bioinformatics and functional genomics; Utrecht and Lelystad clusters -on bioinformatics, production of immunological, anticancer drugs, drugs for the treatment and prevention of metabolism; Frankfurt, Mailand and Gent clusters -in the production of anticancer, immunological drugs, drugs for blood clotting, for the treatment and prevention of metabolism; Wien and Berkshire clusters -in the production of neurological, antibacterial, anticancer drugs, drugs for the treatment and prevention of metabolism and inflammation of the musculoskeletal system. The Utrecht and Lelystad clusters focus on the production of similar therapeutic groups, but are located far from each other.
The Oresund cluster (Denmark and Sweden) consists of many pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms, university hospitals and universities, located in the German-Dutch border area, where regional clusters for the plastics, biotechnology and metalworking sectors operate; including the Medicon Valley.
The Bio-valley cluster is located in the Upper Rhine and South Baden (Germany), Switzerland and Alsace (France) and claims the role of a European biotechnology center [12; 13, p. 35].
It is interesting information on the market capitalization of the largest pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in Europe, including the leaders are Switzerland, United Kingdom and France (Table. 3) [14; 15]. Germany ranked 5th due to the fact that many manufacturers of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology products (such as BASF and Bayer) are included in the chemical sector according to the FT-500 methodology.
It should be noted that Slovenia and Hungary are in the TOP-10 with only one large pharmaceutical company, but this does not indicate the effective development of biotechnology clusters.
The generalization of experience allowed us to conclude that the biopharmaceutical cluster is an association of subjects of production, distribution and sale of drugs, science and education, providing and carrying out purposeful activities for the development, production and promotion on the domestic and foreign markets of competitive drugs. based on the mechanisms of public-private partnership.
Economic interaction of the participants of the biopharmaceutical cluster is the distribution and redistribution of resources in the process of cooperation to implement its strategy and provide participants with the necessary resources; organizational -the creation of an organizational structure that ensures effective interaction of participants; management -optimal use of resources and potential of the biopharmaceutical cluster to achieve a synergistic effect; social -creation of the mechanism of timeliness of providing the population with available medicines and development of the region, social responsibility of the pharmaceutical market subject, increase of level of employment of the population, increase in tax receipts to local and State budgets; legal -improvement of the regulatory framework, which is the basis for the interaction of cluster members; technical and technological -the possibility of using modern methods and the latest production technologies, logistics, marketing, information technology; innovative -the possibility of introducing innovations and original medicines production; information -the timeliness of providing all participants with the necessary information; ecological -the optimal impact of the subject of the pharmaceutical market on the environment and ensuring the ecological and hygienic safety of the region. In addition to the listed types of interaction, the production of original medicines requires solving the problem of their introduction into medical practice, that is, the problem of interaction in the provision of medical services.
A distinctive feature of the cluster approach in pharmacy is, on the one hand, the development of innovative drugs and their introduction into production, which, on the other hand, is the global goal of the domestic pharmaceutical sector, since the biopharmaceutical cluster should act as growth points of the domestic market on a regional and national scale. all stages of the life cycle of high-tech pharmaceutical products and become the basis for improving the foreign economic activity of the pharmaceutical sector as a whole. In addition, for the pharmaceutical sector, an important task is to provide the population with effective medicines at affordable prices and improve the environmental situation in the region, achieved through optimizing the use of resources in the region, that is, industry cooperation, and cost savings.
The formation of full-fledged biopharmaceutical clusters contributes to the spread of high-tech industries, the harmonization of technology standards and drug production organization, the development of not only inter-firm relations, but also effective interaction of the pharmaceutical sector with science and education, and influences the strategy of regional authorities. So, the purpose of creating a biopharmaceutical cluster in Ukraine is to increase the competitiveness of individual subjects of the pharmaceutical market, individual biopharmaceutical clusters and the pharmaceutical sector as a whole (Fig. 1) [16, p. 32-39; 17, p. 132-133].

For end consumers
--improving the quality of pharmaceutical products --improving the quality of service --timely and full provision of clients' needs --increasing the physical, marketing and affordability of drugs Effects of functioning biopharmaceutical cluster Fig. 1

. Formation of the effects of functioning biopharmaceutical cluster
Conclusions from the study and prospects for further exploration in this direction. All members of biopharmaceutical clusters complement and enhance each other's competitive advantages. The advantages of clustering at the regional level are the spread of new high-tech industries, knowledge, pharmaceuticals, additional competitive advantages of cluster members through internal specialization and standardization, minimizing innovation costs, ensuring environmental stability, reducing environmental pollution, harmonizing the interests of participants in pharmaceutical clusters. with partners (suppliers, consumers, intermediaries, etc.) and actions in the logistics pharmaceutical chain, control and coordination of flow processes, timeliness of providing consumers with the necessary drugs at affordable prices.

For participants
-the effect of accelerating the introduction of innovations -the effect of increasing the profitability of activities -the effect of reducing costs, including logistics -the effect of inventory optimization -the effect of competitive advantages -the effect of reducing risks, including logistics --the effect of focusing on key competencies -the effect of sustainable partnerships -preferences for government purchases, guarantees for insurance of large innovative projects, tax incentives, etc. For the regional economy -growth of gross regional product -growth of the revenue side of local budgets -development of logistics infrastructure -creation of new jobs -intensification of foreign economic activity -increasing regional investment attractiveness for foreign investors -improvement of regional logistics -improving the ecological situation in the region -increasing employment in the region