ПАРИЗЬКА УГОДА: ПРОГРЕС В ІМПЛЕМЕНТАЦІЇ ТА ТОРГОВЕЛЬНІ АСПЕКТИ
М. А. Гнатишин
DOI: 10.32702/2307-2105-2019.3.35
УДК: 339.9:502/504
М. А. Гнатишин
ПАРИЗЬКА УГОДА: ПРОГРЕС В ІМПЛЕМЕНТАЦІЇ ТА ТОРГОВЕЛЬНІ АСПЕКТИ
Анотація
У статті розглянуто основні положення Паризької угоди, зобов’язання, які беруть на себе країни при підписанні Угоди та санкції у випадку їхнього недотримання. Простежується динаміка зростання викидів парникових газів, що визначає важливість цієї Угоди. Основними емітентами парникових газів у світі є Китай, США, ЄС та Індія. Висвітлено деякі політичні аспекти Паризької угоди, зокрема рішення США вийти з Угоди. Від часу підписання угоди відбувся значний прогрес в узгодженні механізмів, процедур та інших практичних питань для забезпечення функціонування Паризької угоди. Було узгоджено питання фінансової прозорості, функціонування Адаптаційного фонду, визначено кількісні фінансові цілі. Попри те, що міжнародна торгівля має значний потенціал у боротьбі зі змінами клімату, на цьому етапі в рамках Паризької угоди ніяких конкретних торговельних заходів не передбачено, хоча імовірність таких заходів зазначено.
Ключові слова: Паризька угода; міжнародна торгівля; національно визначені внески; парникові гази.
Література
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Maria Hnatyshyn
THE PARIS AGREEMENT: PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTATION AND TRADE ASPECTS
Summary
The Paris Agreement came into force on November 4, 2016. Now already the third part of the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA 1-3) has taken place in Katowice, Poland. The article analyses the main provisions of the Paris Agreement, the obligations assumed by the Parties to the Agreement and sanctions in case of non-compliance. Greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow and this fact determines the importance of the Agreement. The Paris Agreement has become a significant breakthrough after the Kyoto Protocol, which, given the limited number of participating countries, did not succeed in sufficiently reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However the Paris Agreement was signed by the major greenhouse gas emitters – China, the US, the European Union and India. Some political aspects of the Paris Agreement are highlighted, in particular, the US decision to withdraw from the Agreement. The peculiarity of the new agreement is the voluntary nature of nationally determined contributions. Nevertheless countries are obliged to inform about the measures taken to achieve them and increase the ambitiousness of their nationally determined contributions over time. The financial mechanism of the Convention will serve as the financial mechanism of the Paris Agreement, the contributions of the countries will be based on the United Nations scale. Developed countries are obliged to provide help to the developing countries. Since the Agreement was signed, significant progress has been made in settling mechanisms, procedures and other practical issues of the Paris Agreement functioning. The financial transparency issues, the Adaptation Fund functioning, and the quantitative financial objectives were agreed upon. At this stage under the Paris Agreement, no specific trade measures are defined although the probability of such measures is indicated. Parties to the Paris Agreement may, if they wish, pursue trade measures to reach their nationally determined contributions, but the mechanism is not defined. In general, trade can contribute to the achievement of Paris Agreement objectives by promoting the spread of "green" goods and technologies, by imposing restrictions on “dirty” goods, reducing economic losses through emission trading schemes, etc. In addition, trade can be an instrument of pressure on countries that set too low environmental targets or refuse to sign the Agreement. However, this issue remains yet unsettled.
Keywords: Paris Agreement; international trade; nationally defined contributions; greenhouse gases.
References
1. United Nations Treaty Collection (2019). “Chapter XXVII. Environment. 7. d Paris Agreement”, available at: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en (Accessed 10 January 2019).
2. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2016), “Paris Agreement”, official translation, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_l61 (Accessed 24 December 2018).
3. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2016), “Financial and economic justification for the ratification of the Paris Agreement”, available at: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=59666 (Accessed 29 December 2018).
4. The World Bank (2019), World Development Indicators, available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (Accessed 10 January 2019).
5. Olivier, Jos G.J. Janssens-Maenhout, G. Muntean, M. Peters, Jeroen A.H.W. (2015), “Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2015 Report”, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, the Hague, available at: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/news_docs/jrc-2015-trends-in-global-co2-emissions-2015-report-98184.pdf (Accessed 28 November 2018).
6. Ojo, M. (2016), “Paris Agreement: Impacting Economic Consequences and Legacy of Future Generation”, available at: https://www.chinausfocus.com/energy-environment/paris-agreement-impacting-economic-consequences-and-legacy-of-future-generation (Accessed 28 November 2018).
7. United Nations (2017), C.N.464.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d (Depositary Notification), available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2017/CN.464.2017-Eng.pdf (Accessed 28 December 2018).
8. World Resources Institute (2017), “Trump vs. the Paris Climate Agreement”, available at: https://www.ecowatch.com/trump-vs-paris-climate-agreement-2216317275.html
9. Andresen P., Skjærseth J. B., Jevnaker T., Wettestad J. (2016), “The Paris Agreement: Consequences for the EU and Carbon Markets?” Politics and Governance. Volume 4, Issue 3, p. 188-196.
10. Climate Action Tracker (2018), “Some progress since Paris, but not enough, as governments amble towards 3°C of warming”, available at: https://climateactiontracker.org/publications/warming-projections-global-update-dec-2018/ (Accessed 30 January 2019).
11. UNFCCC (2019), “Climate Finance”, available at: https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/the-big-picture/climate-finance-in-the-negotiations (Accessed 30 January 2019).
12. UN News (2018), “At COP24, countries agree concrete way forward to bring the Paris climate deal to life”, available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/12/1028681 (Accessed 26 January 2019).
13. UNEP (2017), Environment and Trade Hub, available at: https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/green-economy/what-we-do/environment-and-trade-hub (Accessed 25 January 2019).
14. WTO (2016), “Environmental Goods Agreement”, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/ega_e.htm (Accessed 8 September 2018).
15. Merrill, L. Bassi, A. M. Bridle, R. Christensen, L. T. (2015) “Tackling Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Climate Change: Levelling the energy playing field”, Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd, p. 59, available at: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:860647/FULLTEXT02.pdf (Accessed 3 February 2019).
№ 3 2019
Дата публікації: 2019-03-28
Кількість переглядів: 7841
